Bathymetry is the study of underwater depth of a lake or the ocean floors. It is typically used to support safety, surface and sub-surface navigation that shows sea floor relief or terrian as contour lines. Back then bathymetry involved the measurement of ocean depth through depth sounding. It used to pre measure heavy rope and cable lowered over a ships side.
Earths Oceanic Ridge System
Earths oceanic ridge is a submarine mountain chain that extends around 80,000 through all the worlds oceans. Ocean ridges are the largest features in ocean basins. The oceanic ridge system realates to the Lithsopheric plates because the magma rises towards the surface of the oceanic ridge and solidflies.
Modern techniques and technologies.
In modern techniques and technologies used to describe general scientific deep sea exploration was first invented by French scientist Pierre Laplace. Where he realized the average depth of the Atlantic Ocean could be observed by tidal motions. He then calculated the value by sounding measurement. Which back then was what they used as technology to study the ocean floor and other things.The Challenger expedition used similar instruments called Baillie sounding machines to extract samples from the sea bed.
The features and boundaries characterizing the continental shelf , slope and rise.
Along passive margins, the oceanic crust at the base of the continental slope is covered by an apron of accumulated sediment called the continental rise. Sediments from the shelf slowly descend to the ocean floor along the whole continental slope, but most of the sediments that form the continental rise are transported to the area by turbidity currents.
Hydrothermal Vent Phenomenon
These are places where seawater circulates inside the earths crust and is then ejected as thermal springs that are warner than ambient water.
The various types of continental margins.
Active and passive margins. Continental margins are defined as active or passive according to the presence or absence,respectively,of plate tectonic activity. Earthquakes and volcanoes are associated with active continental margins, which are marked by a landward continental shelf, a much steeper continental slope that ends at an active ocean trench, and an irregular ocean bottom that may contain volcanic hills
Abyssal Plain
Abyssal Plains are vast flat sediment covered areas of the ocean floor. They are the flattest areas on Earth and have a near absence of geograpic features.